The large-scale use of modern technology such as boats, steamers, well-organized armies, and, most importantly, the large-scale use of firearms, had decisively transformed the balance of power in favor of the traders and gave them a tremendous advantage over these small-scale and stateless societies. Those rulers who opposed or resisted were removed and replaced by loyal ones. This was indeed the case of the Golo, Kreish-Ndogo, Kreish-Naka, Yulu, Binga, and Kara; their leaders were either killed or replaced by Al-Zubair and his lieutenants. The response of the local people to the zariba system was diverse and complex. It included open hostility, flight, settling around the zaribas, forming alliances with traders, and replicating their methods. In the face of increasing violence, many people fled their homes or placed themselves under the protection of powerful neighbors.
Hence, the later part of the nineteenth century in the Bahr al-Ghazal presents an almost apocalyptic picture of people fleeing and taking refuge in the bushes and mountains. In this respect, the history of the Kreish, Binga, Kara, and Banda becomes a tale of continuous flight and disorder. A myriad of consequences resulted from these escapes. As people fled, institutions fell apart, new leaders emerged, and new relationships developed. One of the most obvious results was the dispersion and division of people into small political units. The Kreish, Binga, Kara, Yulu, and Banda were scattered between the Sudan and the Central African Republic. This further affected ethnic composition of these political entities. The Feroge entity, for instance, included some Kreish, Mangayat, and Shaiu. Similarly, the Nyag- ulgule sultan extended his authority over many sections of the Yulu, Binga, and Kara. This flexible ethnic situation later on came to present a major problem for the application of native administration during the colonial period.
Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, The Legacy of Slavery and Slave Trade in The Western Bahr Al-Ghazal, 1850-1939 in Northeast African Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1989), pp. 80-81, www.jstor.org/stable/43660276.